{"id":11461,"date":"2017-10-20T19:00:12","date_gmt":"2017-10-21T00:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/?p=11461"},"modified":"2024-09-12T18:10:13","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T23:10:13","slug":"los-organismos-geneticamente-modificados-y-la-ley-de-moratoria-a-su-ingreso-y-comercializacion-en-el-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/en\/the-genetically-modified-organisms-and-the-law-of-moratorium-to-their-entry-and-commercialization-in-peru\/","title":{"rendered":"The Genetically Modified Organisms and the Law of Moratorium to their entry and commercialization in Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Biotechnology is a science that involves several disciplines and sciences (biology, biochemistry, genetics, virology, agronomy, engineering, chemistry, medicine and veterinary, among others). It has been used by man since the beginning of history in activities such as the preparation of bread and alcoholic beverages or the improvement of crops and domestic animals. Historically, biotechnology involved the use of organisms to perform a task or function. If this definition is accepted, biotechnology has been around for a long time.<\/p>

Modern biotechnology is comprised of a variety of techniques derived from research in cellular and molecular biology, which can be used in any industry using microorganisms or plant and animal cells. This technology allows the transformation of agriculture. It is also important for other carbon-based industries such as energy, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and waste or waste management. It has a huge potential impact because life sciences research is making a fast progress and the results not only affect a broad range of sectors but also facilitate linkage between them. For example, successful results in fermentation of agricultural wastes could affect both the energy sector and agribusiness sectors and also have a favorable environmental effect.<\/p>

Un ejemplo de la biotecnolog\u00eda moderna son los \u00abOrganismos Gen\u00e9ticos Modificados\u00bb (OGM). El Dr. Carlos Andaluz, en su libro \u00abManual de Derecho Ambiental\u00bb define los OGM de la siguiente manera:<\/p>

\u00abLos OGM son plantas o animales creados a partir de la manipulaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica, que contienen genes transferidos de otro organismo. Este procedimiento puede realizarse entre plantas de la misma especie, entre especies no relacionadas o incluso transferir genes de una planta a un animal y viceversa. (…) Un OGM es aquel que ha incorporado un gen extra\u00f1o de otro organismo, gracias a la manipulaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica que permite la transferencia de un gen de un organismo y lo inserta en otro.<\/em><\/p>

\u00a0<\/em>Esta t\u00e9cnica ha roto las barreras naturales para la reproducci\u00f3n y creaci\u00f3n de seres vivos, porque bajo condiciones naturales s\u00f3lo es posible cruzar plantas o animales de la misma especie \u00ab<\/em>[1]

Durante miles de a\u00f1os, los agricultores han estado alterando la estructura gen\u00e9tica de los cultivos que siembran. La selecci\u00f3n hecha por el hombre para obtener caracter\u00edsticas tales como crecimiento m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido, semillas m\u00e1s grandes o frutas m\u00e1s dulces ha modificado significativamente las especies vegetales en comparaci\u00f3n con los parientes silvestres. El desarrollo en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os de las t\u00e9cnicas de biolog\u00eda molecular ha proporcionado al hombre herramientas que le permiten acceder y manipular el ADN de los organismos. Una de las aplicaciones de lo que se ha llamado \u00abingenier\u00eda gen\u00e9tica\u00bb es el desarrollo de t\u00e9cnicas moleculares para la modificaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica de una variedad de plantas, animales y microorganismos utilizados como alimento o involucrados en el proceso de obtenci\u00f3n de alimentos. Estos alimentos se llaman alimentos \u00abtransg\u00e9nicos\u00bb porque provienen de organismos que transportan material gen\u00e9tico pertenecientes a especies no relacionadas que han sido transferidos a trav\u00e9s de la ingenier\u00eda gen\u00e9tica.<\/p>

But during the last years, some groups of people (mainly ecological activists) oppose the creation of GMOs, arguing that some dangers of transgenic products include: genetic pollution, soil pollution, loss of biodiversity, development of pest resistance, effects on ecosystems that may be irreversible and unpredictable. They can increase the allergies produced by the proteins that generate the new introduced genes, resistance to antibiotics as these crops carry unnecessary genes that inactivate or render ineffective the antibiotics in the human health and animals that consume it.<\/p>

In Peru, there is no issue that generates more debate, controversy and even passion than that of transgenics and their entry, use or release in the territory of our country. It is pointed out that when we refer to transgenics the debate may refer to: (i) its use in manufactured products and the need to find in the labeling sufficient information for the consumer to make their own decision; (ii) its use in pharmaceutical, veterinary or other uses; and (iii) their entry and liberation in our territory.<\/p>

The main reason for this debate in our country is because Genetically Modified Organisms are absolutely new in the planet and no one knows how they will behave when they enter the environment. When inserting a genetically modified plant in a location that is center of origin of the relatives species that originated it can be generated negative impacts.<\/p>

As a consequence of this concern, rules and mechanisms to prevent and control the impact and negative effects of research, production, release and introduction of new species or genetically modified products developed by conventional biotechnology were first drafted. This is known as BIOSECURITY<\/u><\/strong>.<\/p>

The reason for this is, as noted above, that GMO\u00b4s can affect environmental, technological, socioeconomic and cultural aspects and, moreover, on food security and the present and future quality of life.<\/p>

La regulaci\u00f3n de la bioseguridad en el Per\u00fa comienza en 1999, cuando el Congreso emite la Ley N \u00b0 27104, denominada \u00abLey de Prevenci\u00f3n de Riesgos derivados del Uso de la Biotecnolog\u00eda\u00bb. Esta Ley se centra en la \u00abbiotecnolog\u00eda moderna\u00bb. Este marco jur\u00eddico tiene por objeto promover \u00abla investigaci\u00f3n, la producci\u00f3n, la introducci\u00f3n, el transporte, el almacenamiento, la conservaci\u00f3n, el intercambio, la comercializaci\u00f3n, el uso confinado y la liberaci\u00f3n con OGM en condiciones controladas\u00bb y proteger la salud humana, el medio ambiente y la diversidad biol\u00f3gica. (Art\u00edculos 1\u00b0 y 2\u00b0).<\/p>

Excluded from the law are activities in the human genome, vaccines applied to humans, GMOs obtained from traditional or conventional techniques, in vitro fertilization, among others (Article 4).<\/p>

Three years later, through Supreme Decree No. 108-2002-PCM, the institutional framework was established and designates three Competent Sectoral Bodies (CSOs) whose role is to implement their respective Internal Sectoral Biosafety Regulations: the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation - INIA (for the agricultural sector), the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries (for the fishing sector) and the General Directorate of Environmental Health - DIGESA (for the health sector).<\/p>

In 2004, through Legislative Decree No. 28170, Congress ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB), which aims to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity taking into account risks to human health and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.<\/p>

One point that we must highlight from the CPB is that the signatory states may adopt more stringent regulations to the CPB, but are required to the realization of the Advance Informed Agreement, in which the country of import has the following rights: (a) Has to be notified of the proposed transboundary movement, (b) To receive information about the GMO\u00b4s and their proposed uses, (c) have the opportunity to decide whether or not to allow the import of GMO\u00b4s, and under what conditions.<\/p>

In spite of the approved regulatory framework, the lack of sectoral regulations regulating the procedures represented a de facto moratorium on the entry and release to the environment of GMOs. In addition, the lack of information on the subject and the need to strengthen national capacities in biosafety generated a growing trend of opinion that demanded a moratorium aimed not only at controlling unwanted GMOs but also in preparing for the adoption of an informed and technical decision at the end on the same.<\/p>

In this context, the Congress approved in November 2011, Law No. 29811, Law that establishes the Moratorium on the entry and production of GMOs in the national territory for a period of ten years, which aims to strengthen national capacities, develop infrastructure and generate the baselines in relation to native biodiversity.<\/p>

It should be noted that GMOs, whether for direct use as food, for use in processing, for confined research-focused use, as well as for regulated pharmaceutical and veterinary products by the World Health Organization (WHO), are excluded from the Moratorium Act.<\/p>

Finally, if we talk about protecting the rights of the plant breeders, we must mention that since 1996, our country has special legislation to protect new plant varieties, including transgenic, developed under any method of plant breeding (discipline responsible for creating new varieties or hybrids of plant species) thus promoting and encouraging technological development and agricultural research with the aim of consolidating a sustainable production system.<\/p>

The problem is that with this law, is that it restricts the development of research, creation and development of better agricultural techniques for our country.<\/p>

In conclusion we can say that:<\/p>

a) Biotechnology in Peru has not been able to reach its potential, fundamentally because there is no incentive on the part of the government to develop the research activities and scientific creation in general nor access to proper modern biotechnology.<\/p>

b) As we said, transgenics were patentable, but all the legal frameworks and laws that regulated the procedures to obtain the admission for using GMO\u00b4s were repealed by the new government, due to political reasons and rivalries with the previous government, to obtain a free way to enact anti-technological laws that restrict access to new technologies.<\/p>

c) We agree with the position of former Minister of the Environment, Antonio Brack who pointed out that \"Peru is one of the largest gene banks in the world, and its defense and projection is a task for all of us. If all biodiversity and traditional knowledge could obtain a patent right, our country would be in a better position to deal with GMOs and allow the consumer to make the final decision without moratorium laws restricting access to new technologies and knowledge\".<\/em><\/p>

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>

Author: Jes\u00fas Cuba \u2013 Intellectual Property Specialist
Law Firm: OMC Abogados & Consultores<\/p>

___<\/p>

[1]<\/span> ANDALUZ WESTREICHER, Carlos, Enviromental Law Manual, <\/em>Grijley, Lima, 2009, p. 185.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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This article has also been published on the following sites:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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October 2017<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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La biotecnolog\u00eda es una ciencia que involucra varias disciplinas y ciencias (biolog\u00eda, bioqu\u00edmica, gen\u00e9tica, virolog\u00eda, agronom\u00eda, ingenier\u00eda, qu\u00edmica, medicina y veterinaria, entre otras). Ha sido utilizado por el hombre desde el comienzo de la historia en actividades tales como la preparaci\u00f3n de pan y bebidas alcoh\u00f3licas o la mejora de cultivos y animales dom\u00e9sticos. Hist\u00f3ricamente, […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14777,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_vp_custom_popup_image":0,"_vp_format_audio_url":"","_vp_custom_thumbnail":0,"_vp_custom_thumbnail_focal_point":[],"_vp_hover_thumbnail":0,"_vp_hover_thumbnail_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articulos"],"yoast_head":"\nLos Organismos Gen\u00e9ticamente Modificados y la Ley de Moratoria a su ingreso y comercializaci\u00f3n en el Per\u00fa - OMC Abogados & Consultores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/en\/the-genetically-modified-organisms-and-the-law-of-moratorium-to-their-entry-and-commercialization-in-peru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Los Organismos Gen\u00e9ticamente Modificados y la Ley de Moratoria a su ingreso y comercializaci\u00f3n en el Per\u00fa - OMC Abogados & Consultores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La biotecnolog\u00eda es una ciencia que involucra varias disciplinas y ciencias (biolog\u00eda, bioqu\u00edmica, gen\u00e9tica, virolog\u00eda, agronom\u00eda, ingenier\u00eda, qu\u00edmica, medicina y veterinaria, entre otras). 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