{"id":10287,"date":"2021-09-12T09:48:12","date_gmt":"2021-09-12T14:48:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/?p=10287"},"modified":"2025-08-07T11:07:58","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T16:07:58","slug":"las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/en\/unconventional-trademarks-and-their-protection-in-the-legal-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Unconventional trademarks and their protection in the legal system"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10287\" class=\"elementor elementor-10287\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d0194fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d0194fa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b3af1c\" data-id=\"5b3af1c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac9e619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac9e619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We understand for \u201c<em>conventional<\/em>\" trademarks as those that are expressed by words, numbers, images or symbols, that is, they can only be perceived by the sense of sight. On the other hand, the so-called \"<em>Unconventional<\/em>\" trademarks can be distinguished by any of the five senses and are expressed through unusual methods, such as, for example, a type of experience used as part of a marketing strategy in order to leave a mark on consumers, thus in this way orienting their preferences towards a certain offer.<\/p><p>The Unconventional trademarks that are mostly registered would be:<\/p><p><strong>Holographic<\/strong>, that is, a three-dimensional image microscopically recorded on a photosensitive film by means of a laser beam, in such a way that when viewed from different perspectives, the image is reflected in three dimensions, for example, holograms used for security purposes in credit cards; <strong>Sound-brands<\/strong>, any sound that the consumer associates with a particular brand, such as the unique roar of the MGM lion; <strong>Olfactory<\/strong>; they would be a scent that reminds the consumer of a product, an example could be the Play-Doh plasticine; <strong>Commercial images<\/strong>, that contain a set of unique characteristics that protect the identity of a product, such as its color, shape, packaging, etc.<\/p><p>In general, these types of trademarks have acquired a certain degree of legal recognition over time; in the international area mainly through the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, (March 27, 2006), which creates a framework of protection for these brands and allows each member country the freedom to register all kinds of trademark that it considers valid. The mentioned Treaty indicates in its regulations the way in which the interested parties must request the representation of some of the most frequent unconventional trademarks, see below:<\/p><p><em>\u201ca) This Treaty shall apply to marks consisting of visible signs, it being understood that only the Contracting Parties that accept the registration of three-dimensional marks shall be obliged to apply this Treaty to said marks.<\/em><\/p><p><em>b) This Treaty shall not apply to holograms or to marks that do not consist of visible signs, in particular sound marks and olfactory marks.\u201d<\/em><\/p><p>And, at the national regulation, through Andean Decision 486, this expressly considers some unconventional marks, such as colors, sounds, olfactory marks and the three-dimensional mark, however, it is relatively ambiguous with respect to other type of signs that can be recognized as trademarks (see subsection g)). <em>g))<\/em>.<\/p><p><em>\u201cArticle 134.- For the purposes of this regime, any sign that is capable of distinguishing products or services in the market shall constitute a trademark. Signs capable of graphic representation may be registered as trademarks. The nature of the product or service to which a trademark is to be applied will in no case be an obstacle to its registration. The following signs may constitute trademarks, among others:<\/em><\/p><p><em>a) the words or combination of words;<\/em><\/p><p><em>b) images, figures, symbols, graphics, logos, monograms, portraits, labels, emblems and shields;<\/em><\/p><p><em>c) sounds and smells;<\/em><\/p><p><em>d) letters and numbers;<\/em><\/p><p><em>e) a color delimited by a shape, or a combination of colors;<\/em><\/p><p><em>f) the shape of the products, their containers or wrappings;<\/em><\/p><p><em>g) any combination of the signs or means indicated in the previous sections.\"<\/em><\/p><p>One case that obtained great jurisprudential relevance in the field of unconventional trademarks was that of Ralf Sieckman<span>[1]<\/span>.<\/p><p>El sujeto en cuesti\u00f3n, intent\u00f3 registrar ante la Oficina Alemana de Marcas y Patentes una marca olfativa, en las clases 35, 41 y 42 de la Clasificaci\u00f3n de Niza, sin embargo, para que su solicitud tuviera m\u00e1s posibilidades de \u00e9xito, hizo una descripci\u00f3n del olor a registrar : \u00absustancia qu\u00edmica pura cinamato de metilo \u00e9ster met\u00edlico del \u00e1cido cin\u00e1mico\u00bb, acompa\u00f1\u00e1ndola de la indicaci\u00f3n de sitios en donde se pod\u00edan encontrar muestras del olor: \u00abse pueden obtener muestras de esta marca olfativa dirigi\u00e9ndose a los laboratorios locales\u2026\u201d\u00a0 e indic\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n cu\u00e1l era la f\u00f3rmula qu\u00edmica del olor: \u00abC6H5-CH=CHCOOCH3\u00bb. Finalmente present\u00f3 una muestra de olor en un recipiente y a\u00f1adi\u00f3 que se trataba de \u00abun aroma bals\u00e1mico afrutado con ligeros toques de canela\u00bb.<\/p><p>The application for registration was rejected by the Court of the European Union, who came to the conclusion that <em>\u00bb no cabe excluir que tambi\u00e9n puedan constituir marcas aquellos signos como los olfativos que, si bien no son perceptibles en cuanto tales por la vista s\u00ed pueden resultar visibles mediante una representaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica\u00bb<\/em>, but only <em>\u00abse puede constituir como marca a un signo que en s\u00ed mismo no pueda ser percibido visualmente, con la condici\u00f3n de que pueda ser objeto de representaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica, en particular por medio de figuras, l\u00edneas o caracteres, que sea clara, precisa, completa en s\u00ed misma, f\u00e1cilmente accesible, inteligible, duradera y objetiva\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p><p>This requirement referred to the representation<em> \u00abclara, precisa, completa en s\u00ed misma, f\u00e1cilmente accesible, inteligible, duradera y objetiva\u00bb <\/em>of the trademark, is the condition that the Court has used since then, and it is the one that various courts or judges put into practice today as criteria when deciding whether an unconventional trademark can be recognized as a trademark or not.<\/p><p>According to this, we can conclude that the main problem that come up when registering an unconventional trademark is to determine the way in which these brands can be represented graphically, so that the owner can enjoy the rights granted by that registration. In Peru, there has not been a considerable amount of trademark history for this type of signs, however, over the years, large companies will use these criteria to design types of trademarks that allow them to connect with consumers in a more efficient way, directly, based on their preferences and the impact of what they can see, hear or feel.<\/p><p>Author: Vicente Campod\u00f3nico \u2013 Intellectual Property Specialist<br \/>Law Firm: OMC Abogados &amp; Consultores<\/p><p>___<\/p><p><span>[1]<\/span> Court of Justice of the European Union. Sentence C-273, December 12, 2002 [<a href=\"http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62000CJ0273:ES:PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62000CJ0273:ES:PDF<\/a>].<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfff83 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ecfff83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51a30b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51a30b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This article has also been published on the following sites:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6968716 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6968716\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f998f00\" data-id=\"f998f00\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9023acd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9023acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-idealex-septiembre-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medio-idealex-press.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5645\" alt=\"\" title=\"medio-idealex-press\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-19840b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19840b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">September 2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d143b2c\" data-id=\"d143b2c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59439e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"59439e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-lawandtrends-octubre-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medio-law-and-trends.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5452\" alt=\"\" title=\"medio-law-and-trends\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-a598246 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a598246\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Octubre 2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57bd47e\" data-id=\"57bd47e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da9be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da9be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-smd-country-index-octubre-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medios-smd-country-index.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5433\" alt=\"\" title=\"medios-smd-country-index\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-c6384ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c6384ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Octubre 2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c829d54\" data-id=\"c829d54\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e05b8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e05b8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-helios-julio-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medio-helios.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5736\" alt=\"\" title=\"medio-helios\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-4fab86c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fab86c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">July 2022<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e9428d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e9428d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-326fb50\" data-id=\"326fb50\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f61058 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2f61058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-aspi-octubre-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medio-aspi.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5451\" alt=\"\" title=\"medio-aspi\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-d7bb504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7bb504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">October 2022<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-747040b\" data-id=\"747040b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533549b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"533549b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/las-marcas-no-convencionales-y-su-proteccion-en-el-ordenamiento-juridico-thelawyernetwork-agosto-2023.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/medio-the-lawyer-network.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10289\" alt=\"\" title=\"medio-the-lawyer-network\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element-custom_font_size elementor-element elementor-element-bde0759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bde0759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">August 2023<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f4f8a6\" data-id=\"0f4f8a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d3bf86\" data-id=\"0d3bf86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Entendemos por marcas \u201cconvencionales\u201d como aquellas que se expresan mediante palabras, n\u00fameros, im\u00e1genes o s\u00edmbolos, es decir que son percibidas por el sentido de la vista \u00fanicamente. Por otro lado, las denominadas marcas \u201cNo convencionales\u201d pueden ser distinguidas por cualquiera de los cinco sentidos y se expresan mediante m\u00e9todos no habituales, como, por ejemplo, un [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14777,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_vp_custom_popup_image":0,"_vp_format_audio_url":"","_vp_custom_thumbnail":0,"_vp_custom_thumbnail_focal_point":[],"_vp_hover_thumbnail":0,"_vp_hover_thumbnail_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articulos"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Las marcas no convencionales y su protecci\u00f3n en el ordenamiento jur\u00eddico - OMC Abogados &amp; Consultores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/omcabogados.com.pe\/en\/unconventional-trademarks-and-their-protection-in-the-legal-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Las marcas no convencionales y su protecci\u00f3n en el ordenamiento jur\u00eddico - OMC Abogados &amp; Consultores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Entendemos por marcas \u201cconvencionales\u201d como aquellas que se expresan mediante palabras, n\u00fameros, im\u00e1genes o s\u00edmbolos, es decir que son percibidas por el sentido de la vista \u00fanicamente. 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